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		<title>Kesan Kelewatan Pembinaan Terhadap Keseluruhan Masa Projek</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/kesan-kelewatan-pembinaan-terhadap-keseluruhan-masa-projek/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IPM]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2018 14:28:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[BM Artikel]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Engineering]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Project Management]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://ipm.my/?p=8635</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>April 2018</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/kesan-kelewatan-pembinaan-terhadap-keseluruhan-masa-projek/">Kesan Kelewatan Pembinaan Terhadap Keseluruhan Masa Projek</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my">IPM</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Pengarang: Ir. Hj. Redzuan Ab. Rahman | 9 Februari, 2018</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kelewatan di dalam industri pembinaan adalah fenomena di seluruh dunia. Kelewatan berlaku di kebanyakan projek pembinaan, tanpa mengira kerumitan projek. Di dalam projek pembinaan, kelewatan dapat didefinisikan sebagai lanjutan masa dalam menyelesaikan projek. Dengan kata lain, kelewatan itu bermaksud kegagalan menyiapkan projek dalam jangka masa dan kos yang dianggarkan seperti yang dipersetujui di dalam kontrak.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kelewatan pembinaan dianggap sebagai salah satu masalah yang paling kerap berlaku di dalam industri pembinaan dan sering mempengaruhi kejayaan projek dari segi masa, kos dan kualiti. Dalam kebanyakan kes, kegagalan projek terutama berkaitan dengan pengaruh perunding, kontraktor dan pemilik terhadap prestasi projek. Kesan kelewatan adalah mahal bagi semua pihak yang berkenaan dan selalunya akan mengakibatkan perselisihan faham, kos berlebihan, timbang tara, litigasi, pengabaian total, dan kebolehlaksanaan projek. Pembinaan adalah industri berisiko dengan ketidakpastian ini disebabkan oleh pelbagai faktor luaran dan dalaman yang mempengaruhi proses pembinaan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan masa dan lebihan kos di dalam sesuatu projek adalah kesilapan reka bentuk perunding atau ketidakpatuhan keperluan pelanggan. Kebiasanya kesilapan ini hanya akan dapat dilihat semasa fasa pembinaan. Oleh itu, ia akan menyebabkan masa dan kos tambahan untuk memperbetulkan kesilapan. Selain itu, kesilapan reka bentuk juga boleh menyebabkan masa dan lebihan kos kerana anggaran kos awal dilakukan berdasarkan reka bentuk yang tidak betul. Dengan yang demikian, kemungkinan berlakunya penambahan atau penolakan kerja, sehingga menyebabkan kerja tambahan atau pesanan variasi. Lebih-lebih lagi, kelewatan maklum balas perunding dan kurang koordinasi dengan kontraktor juga menyumbang kepada kelewatan tersebut. Ini pasti akan mempengaruhi keseluruhan masa dan kos projek. Faktor penyebab kesilapan reka bentuk yang paling biasa adalah penyiasatan lapangan yang tidak mencukupi, kesilapan reka bentuk dan spesifikasi, kesilapan rancangan, perubahan reka bentuk dll. Oleh itu, komunikasi yang baik dalam pasukan projek (termasuk pemilik, perunding dan kontraktor) dan perancangan, pengendalian dan pemantauan projek yang berkesan adalah penting untuk mengurangkan kesilapan reka bentuk.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Antara sebab penting yang lain untuk masa dan lebihan kos dalam projek terletak pada sistem perolehan dan pengurusan kontrak. Kontrak komprehensif akan menyatakan setiap aspek hubungan perniagaan, termasuk harga, terma pembayaran, jenis perkhidmatan atau produk, dan lain-lain. Oleh itu, ketidakpastian kontrak yang tidak dinyatakan secara jelas keseluruhan senario projek boleh menyebabkan pertikaian antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat di dalam projek tersebut. Sebagai contoh, jika kontrak tidak mengenal pasti sepenuhnya setiap aspek yang relevan dari segi skop kerja, pertikaian mungkin timbul kerana ketidakpuasan perunding atau kontraktor atas tambahan skop yang tidak dinyatakan dalam kontrak awal. Apabila pertikaian tersebut berlaku, rundingan, timbang tara dan / atau mitigasi berfungsi dan permintaan untuk mengkaji semula kontrak dengan anggaran dan jadual baru tidak dapat dielakkan. Tidak menghairankan, ini akan mengakibatkan kelewatan yang serius dan mengakibatkan lebihan anggaran masa awal dan anggaran kos. Selain itu, pemilihan kontraktor adalah mustahak untuk kejayaan sesuatu projek. Perancangan dan penjadualan kontraktor yang tidak betul mempengaruhi jangka masa projek. Kurangnya pengalaman juga mempengaruhi kemampuan membuat keputusan yang dapat mengakibatkan tidak hanya penundaan tetapi juga pembinaan berulang, yang menimbulkan tambahan kos.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerumitan projek juga boleh menjadi faktor penyumbang kepada masa dan lebihan kos. Kerumitan projek dapat ditentukan oleh skala projek, kepelbagaian pihak berkepentingan, dan tahap perubahan skop. Sebagai contoh, kebanyakan projek mega cenderung memiliki jangka waktu pelaksanaan yang agak lama dibandingkan dengan projek kecil. Tempoh pembinaan yang lebih lama mempunyai kemungkinan yang lebih tinggi untuk bajet awalan yang tidak mencukupi bagi menyelesaikan sesuatu projek. Ini mungkin disebabkan oleh inflasi, perubahan harga bahan dan kadar pertukaran. Sebarang perubahan skop di dalam tempoh pembinaan boleh mengakibatkan kerumitan projek itu sendiri. Jadual dan anggaran projek harus dikaji semula, ini bermaksud lebih banyak masa dan sumber akan terlibat. Belum lagi proses yang panjang melibatkan penggabungan kepentingan dan pendapat daripada pihak berkepentingan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Terdapat juga faktor yang boleh menyebabkan kenaikan masa dan kos pada fasa pasca pembinaan. Kelewatan dan kos yang tidak dijangka sering terjadi disebabkan oleh seretan aktiviti penyerahan yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu seperti kerja pembetulan yang tidak memuaskan, penerimaan pelanggan, perselisihan akaun akhir, dan pesanan perubahan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan. Begitu juga, perselisihan dan kelewatan boleh disebabkan oleh kelewatan pembayaran kepada perunding dan kontraktor setelah projek selesai. Faktor-faktor ini boleh melambatkan pemberhentian pasukan projek dan menyebabkan perbelanjaan overhed tambahan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Untuk memastikan projek sentiasa berada di landasan yang betul, perancangan, kawalan dan pemantauan yang berterusan dan berkesan diperlukan sepanjang kitaran projek. Pengurus Projek perlu menentukan dan mengintegrasikan skop projek, objektif, aktiviti utama, masa penghantaran, pihak berkepentingan, dan aspek penting lain ke dalam perancangan projek. Kelewatan dapat dikurangkan dengan mengenal pasti penyebabnya. Selain mempunyai perunding dan kontraktor profesional dan kompeten, Pengurus Projek perlu menetapkan prosedur kawalan untuk memantau masalah yang dikenal pasti akan menyebabkan kelewatan. Walaupun begitu, kejayaan projek sangat bergantung pada pasukan projek, oleh itu, tujuan dan ruang lingkup semua aspek mesti ditentukan dengan jelas pada peringkat awal, supaya pasukan projek mempunyai maklumat yang jelas tentang objektifnya dan kemudian hanya pasukan projek yang terbaik dapat dibangunkan dengan kejayaan projek menjadi keutamaan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ir. Hj, Redzuan Ab. Rahman</strong><br />
Pengasas Bersama<br />
IPM Group</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-size: 13px;"><em>Rujukan:</em><br />
<em>[1] Abedi, M., Fathi, M. S. &amp; Mohammad, M. F. (2011). “Effects of Construction Delays on Construction Project Objectives”. The First Iranian Students Scientific Conference in Malaysia, 9 &amp; 10 Apr 2011, UPM, Malaysia.</em><br />
<em>[2] Ashwini Arun Salunkhe, Rahul S. Patil (2014). “Effect of Construction Delays on Project Time Overrun: Indian Scenario”. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. eISSN: 2319-1163.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-size: 13px;"><em>**This Malay translation is for reference only. If the meaning of the Malay translation is inconsistent with the original English version, the original English version shall prevail.</em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-5010" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/if_pdfs_774684.png" alt="if_pdfs_774684" width="49" height="64" /><br />
<a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Kesan-Kelewatan-Pembinaan-Terhadap-Keseluruhan-Masa-Projek.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer">Artikel dalam format PDF »</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/kesan-kelewatan-pembinaan-terhadap-keseluruhan-masa-projek/">Kesan Kelewatan Pembinaan Terhadap Keseluruhan Masa Projek</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>Effects of Construction Delays on Project Time Overrun</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/effects-construction-delays/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IPM]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Feb 2018 04:45:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IPM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Project Management]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://ipm.my/?p=5989</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>February 2018</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/effects-construction-delays/">Effects of Construction Delays on Project Time Overrun</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my">IPM</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Author: Ir. Hj. Redzuan Ab. Rahman</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>Delay</em> </strong>in the <strong>construction industry</strong> is a worldwide phenomenon. Delay occurs in most construction projects, regardless of the project complexity. In construction projects, delay can be defined as the extension of time in the completion of project. In other words, delay means failure to complete the project within targeted time and budgeted cost as agreed in contract.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Construction delay is considered as one of the most recurring problems in the construction industry and it often adversely affects project success in terms of time, cost and quality. In most cases, the failure of project is mainly related to the influence of consultants, contractors and owner on project performance. Effect of delays are costly to all parties concerned and very often it will result in disagreement, cost overrun, arbitration, litigation, total abandonment, and project infeasibility. Construction is a risky industry with uncertainties due to various external and internal factors that influence the construction process.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">One of the major factors causing time and cost overrun in projects is consultant’s design errors or misrepresentation of client’s requirement. Usually these errors will only reveal during construction phase. Consequently, this will lead to extra time and cost spent on correcting the mistakes. Apart from that, design errors could cause time and cost overrun as the initial costs estimations were done based on the incorrect designs. As such, there could be omission or additional works, thereby leading to extra work or variation orders. Moreover, consultant’s delayed response and less coordination with contractor also contributes to the delay. These will no doubt affect the overall project delivery time and cost. The most common causes of design errors are inadequate field investigation, error in design and specifications, plan errors, design changes etc. Hence, good communication within the project team (including owner, consultants and contractors) and effective project planning, controlling and monitoring are substantial to minimise design errors.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Another important reason for time and cost overrun in project lies in the procurement and contractual management system. A comprehensive contract shall state every aspect of a business relationship, including pricing, payment terms, types of services or products, etc. Therefore, ambiguous contract which does not clearly state the entire project scenario may lead to dispute between the parties involved in the project. For example, if the contract does not completely identify every relevant aspect of the scope of work, dispute may arise out of consultants or contractors’ dissatisfaction over additional scopes which were not stated in the initial contract. When such dispute occurs, negotiations, arbitration and/or mitigation works and request for review of the contract with new budgets and schedule are unavoidable. Unsurprisingly, this will result in extensive delay and thereby exceeds initial time and estimated cost. Besides, the selection of contractor is essential for the success of a project. Contractor’s improper planning and scheduling affects the project duration. The lack of experience also affects the ability of decision making which may result in not only delay but also rework, which incurs additional costs.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The complexity of project could also be a contributing factor to time and cost overrun. The complexity of a project can be determined by the size of the project, diversity of stakeholders, and degree of scope changes. For instance, most mega projects tend to have relatively long implementation period compared to small project. Longer construction period has higher possibility for the initial budget to be insufficient to complete the project. This may due to inflation, changes in material price and exchange rates. Any changes in scope during construction period could result in increasing the complexity of the project itself. The project schedule and budget will have to be reviewed which means more time and resources will be implicated. Not to mention the lengthy process of integrating interests and opinions of the stakeholders.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">There are also underlying factors that could cause time and cost overrun in the post-construction phase. Unexpected delays and costs are often incurred due to dragging of handover activities related to issues such as unsatisfactory rectification works, client’s acceptance, disagreement of final account, and unresolved change orders. Similarly, dispute and delay could be caused by delay in payment to consultants and contractors after project completion. These factors could delay the discharging of the project team and causing extra overhead expenses.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to always keep the project on the right track, constant and effective planning, controlling and monitoring are required throughout the project life cycle. Project Manager needs to determine and integrate the project scope, milestones, key activities, delivery time, stakeholders, and other important aspects into the project planning. Delays can be minimised by identifying the causes in the first place. Besides having professional and competent consultants and contractors, the Project Manager needs to establish a control procedure to monitor the identified issues that are causing the delay. Nevertheless, a project’s success relies heavily on the project team, hence, the goals and scope must be clearly defined in the early stage, so that the project team has a clear knowledge of its objective and then only a good project team could be built with the project success interest at heart.</p>
<p><strong>Ir. Hj, Redzuan Ab. Rahman</strong><br />
Co-Founder<br />
IPM Group</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><u>References</u></em><em>:</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>1. Abedi, M., Fathi, M. S. &amp; Mohammad, M. F. (2011). “Effects of Construction Delays on Construction Project Objectives”. The First Iranian Students Scientific Conference in Malaysia, 9 &amp; 10 Apr 2011, UPM, Malaysia.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>2. Ashwini Arun Salunkhe, Rahul S. Patil (2014). “Effect of Construction Delays on Project Time Overrun: Indian Scenario”. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. eISSN: 2319-1163.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-5010" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/if_pdfs_774684.png" alt="if_pdfs_774684" width="49" height="64" /><br />
<a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Effects-of-Construction-Delays-on-Project-Time-Overrun.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> View  Article in PDF »</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/effects-construction-delays/">Effects of Construction Delays on Project Time Overrun</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>Franchise and License Expo Indonesia 2017, Jakarta</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/franchise-and-license-expo-indonesia-2017-jakarta/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IPM]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 10 Sep 2017 07:25:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Architectural]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conceptual Design]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Feasibility Study]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Master Planning]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Franchise and License Expo Indonesia 2017 had been successfully organized at Jakarta Convention Center from 8 to 10 September 2017. The objective of the event is to provide a better understanding of the industry to participants. The expo also targeted to build a platform for franchisors to meet with the potential entrepreneurs who keen to&#8230;&#160;<a href="https://ipm.my/franchise-and-license-expo-indonesia-2017-jakarta/" class="" rel="bookmark">Read More &#187;<span class="screen-reader-text">Franchise and License Expo Indonesia 2017, Jakarta</span></a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/franchise-and-license-expo-indonesia-2017-jakarta/">Franchise and License Expo Indonesia 2017, Jakarta</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my">IPM</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Franchise and License Expo Indonesia 2017</strong> had been successfully organized at Jakarta Convention Center from 8 to 10 September 2017. The objective of the event is to provide a better understanding of the industry to participants. The expo also targeted to build a platform for franchisors to meet with the potential entrepreneurs who keen to start or buy a business.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">IPM had participated as an exhibitor of the event to introduce and promote IPM Franchise System to Indonesian Market through the platform provided. During the event, IPM had received tremendous response from the visitors and successfully increased the popularity of IPM in the international market.</p>								</div>
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