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		<title>马来西亚常用的建筑合约类型</title>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Jun 2025 02:27:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Jul 2025</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e5%b8%b8%e7%94%a8%e7%9a%84%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e5%90%88%e7%ba%a6%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b/">马来西亚常用的建筑合约类型</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2025 年 6 月 29 日</p><p style="text-align: justify;">建筑合约在明确目标与责任方面起着至关重要的作用，同时保障业主与承包商双方在建设项目中的利益，无论项目规模大小。尽管有多种合约类型，但大多是源自一些核心合约结构。根据项目的性质与需求，必须慎重选择合适的合约类型。一旦达成协议，合约即成为具有法律约束力的文件，有助于减少争议并确保项目顺利执行。因此，在任何建筑工程开始前选择正确的合约类型，对于避免未来不必要的纠纷至关重要。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>建筑合约的核心类型</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">以下是马来西亚常用和实行的几种核心建筑合约类型：</p><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"><strong>总价合约（固定价格）<br /></strong>总价合约，又称固定价格合约，是指承包商以预定的固定价格完成整个工程。当项目范围明确时，此合约最为合适[1]。此合约形式可让业主将风险转嫁给承包商，因为即使在施工期间发生价格波动或变更，总价也不会改变。为应对可能出现的问题，承包商通常会在报价中加入一定的预留金额以应对意外开支。<br /><br /></li><li style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"><strong>计量合约 (单价合约)<br /></strong>又称单价合约，该类型允许业主根据约定的单位价格支付材料或服务的费用。通常用于范围尚不完全明确，但可估算的工程量项目。这种合同类型通常会在投标阶段进行讨论并最终确定。如果工作范围发生变化，可以进行调整，并且它具有跟踪实际使用数量的优势，尤其在已编制工程量清单 (Bill of Quantities, BQ) 或已完成详细工程量计算时特别有效[2]。<br /><br /></li><li style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"><strong>成本报销 / 成本加酬合约<br /></strong>在成本报销或成本加酬合约中，承包商会获得实际支出费用的报销，并另加一定的管理费和利润。此合约多用于项目范围尚未完全确定的情况[1]。其优势在于灵活性及对项目范围的适应性，但也因可能成本升高而加重了业主的财务风险，因此需要密切监控成本支出。<br /><br /></li><li style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"><strong>设计与建造合约<br /></strong>设计与建造合约将设计与施工纳入单一合约内，由承包商全权负责，相比传统的“设计－招标－建造”模式更具效率。业主通常参与设计阶段并可对关键决策施加影响。此方法有助于协调，缩短工期。承包商的职责通常在施工完成后结束，只有在合同中有规定时才包括交付、测试和试运行。<br /><br /><p>承包商对设计的完整性和适用性承担全部责任，无论是由内部团队还是外部顾问完成设计。根据建筑业发展局 (Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia, CIDB) 的标准合约格式，承包商可委托他人设计，但必须确保所有设计符合约定的性能和安全标准，并获得相关设计顾问的直接担保[3]。在马来西亚，设计与建造合约通常由具有整合设计能力的主承包商或与设计顾问合作的大型施工公司执行。</p></li><li style="list-style-type: decimal; text-align: justify;"><p><strong>交钥匙合约<br /></strong>交钥匙合约是指承包商全面负责交付一个完整、可操作的设施，涵盖设计、施工、室内装配、测试与调试等所有阶段。此方法适用于业主希望在施工期间最少介入的项目，项目交付后即可投入使用。付款通常为竣工后一次性支付或根据约定阶段分期付款。<br /><br />与设计与建造合约类似，交钥匙项目中的承包商可使用内部设计人员或聘请外部顾问进行设计。不论采用何种方式，承包商在合同及专业上都需对整个设计及实施结果负责[3]。交钥匙合同通常由工程公司或具备经验的工程、采购和施工（Engineering， Procurement，and Construction，EPC） 专业承包商执行，这些承包商在交付可完全投入运营的资产方面具有丰富经验。</p></li></ol></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>马来西亚常用的标准合约格式</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">每种合约类型均应依据项目范围及相关方偏好进行慎重选择。一旦确定合约类型，须进一步根据相关标准，选择合适的标准合约格式。下表为马来西亚常用标准建筑合约格式的比较，供参考。所选合约格式将贯穿整个项目阶段，具法律约束力。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1：马来西亚常用建筑合约标准格式对比-4-10.jpeg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21548" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1：马来西亚常用建筑合约标准格式对比-4-10.jpeg" alt="" width="1005" height="796" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1：马来西亚常用建筑合约标准格式对比-4-10.jpeg 1005w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1：马来西亚常用建筑合约标准格式对比-4-10-300x238.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1：马来西亚常用建筑合约标准格式对比-4-10-768x608.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">虽然成本加酬合约被列为核心合约类型之一，但由于其增加了业主的财务风险及不太适用于一般建筑项目，因此在马来西亚并未被标准合约广泛采用。因此，诸如马来西亚建筑师协会、公共工程局、建筑业发展局与马来西亚工程师学会等广泛使用的合约格式通常倾向采用总价或计量合约，以增强成本控制与可预测性。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">综上所述，马来西亚建筑业采用多种合约类型，以支持高效且成功的项目交付。马来西亚建筑师协会、马来西亚工程师学会、公共工程局、建筑业发展局及国际咨询工程师联合会等标准合约广泛应用于私人开发项目到大型公共基础设施项目。每种合约类型均具特定优势，从总价合约带来的成本确定性，到设计与建造或交钥匙合约所带来的灵活性。了解各种合约格式的特性及其实际应用，有助于项目相关方根据项目范围、复杂性及风险状况做出明智选择。正确的合约选择不仅有助于项目顺利进行，也能最大程度降低争议的可能性。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献：</strong></em><br /><em>[1] Dr. Shaiful Amri Mansur. (2018). Common Types of Construction Contracts. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Retrieved on 29th</em><br /><em>June 2025 from <a href="https://people.utm.my/shaifulamri/common-types-of-construction-contracts/">https://people.utm.my/shaifulamri/common-types-of-construction-contracts/</a></em><br /><em>[2] William Malsam. (2024). ProjectManager. Construction, Project Documents. 14 Types of Construction Contracts: Pros, Cons</em><br /><em>&amp; Best Practices. Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/construction-contracts-best-practices">https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/construction-contracts-best-practices</a></em><br /><em>[3] Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia. (2024). Guidance notes on the CIDB Standard Form of Contract</em><br /><em>for Building Works (2022 Edition). Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/GUIDE-FAQs-ON-THE-CIDB-SFOC-BUILDING-WORKS-2022-Edition-Published-October-2024.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wpcontent/uploads/2024/10/GUIDE-FAQs-ON-THE-CIDB-SFOC-BUILDING-WORKS-2022-Edition-Published-October-2024.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[4] Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM). (2019). PAM Contract 2018 Briefing on Key Changes.. Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from</em><br /><em><a href="https://pam.org.my/images/notes/2019/1-PAM_Contract_2018_Roadshow_Slides_KL_23-02-2019.pdf">https://pam.org.my/images/notes/2019/1-PAM_Contract_2018_Roadshow_Slides_KL_23-02-2019.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[5] The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. (n.d.). IEM Form of Contract and Arbitration Rules 2016. Retrieved on 29th June 2025</em><br /><em>from <a href="https://www.myiem.org.my/content/iem_form_of_contract_and_arbitration_rules_2016-645.aspx">https://www.myiem.org.my/content/iem_form_of_contract_and_arbitration_rules_2016-645.aspx</a></em><br /><em>[6] JKR Malaysia. (2010). Standard Form of Contract to be Used Where Bills of Quantities Form Part of The Contract (P.W.D.</em><br /><em>Form 203A &#8211; Rev. 1/2010). Government of Malaysia. Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from</em><br /><em><a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_qc5XQKszpRaEItT2ZBR3V5TEk/edit?resourcekey=0-U0WNcGU5V7I_AXHfnaGclw">https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_qc5XQKszpRaEItT2ZBR3V5TEk/edit?resourcekey=0-U0WNcGU5V7I_AXHfnaGclw</a></em><br /><em>[7] JKR Malaysia. (2010). Standard Form of Design and Build Contract (PWD Form DB &#8211; Rev. 1/2010). Government of Malaysia.</em><br /><em>Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="http://kontrak.water.gov.my/division/qs/documenstd/PWD%202010/Form_DB_1_2010.pdf">http://kontrak.water.gov.my/division/qs/documenstd/PWD%202010/Form_DB_1_2010.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[8] Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia. (2023). CIDB Standard Form of Contract for Building Works 2022</em><br /><em>Edition. Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CIDB-Standard-of-Contract-for-Building-Works-2022-Edition-Published-Nov-2023.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/CIDB-Standard-of-Contract-forBuilding-Works-2022-Edition-Published-Nov-2023.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[9] Mansor Ali. (2022). FIDIC Red, Yellow, and Silver Books – a brief overview. Institute of Construction Claims Practitioners.</em><br /><em>Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="https://www.instituteccp.com/fidic-red-yellow-and-silver-books-a-brief-overview/">https://www.instituteccp.com/fidic-red-yellow-and-silver-books-a-brief-overview/</a></em><br /><em>[10] Rajoo S. (2010). The PAM 2006 Standard Form of Building Contract &#8211; A Change in Risk Allocation. Malayan Law Journal.</em><br /><em>Retrieved on 29th June 2025 from <a href="https://home.sundrarajoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/MLJ-Article-on-PAM-2006-Form-by-Sundra-Rajoo.pdf">https://home.sundrarajoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/MLJ-Article-on-PAM-2006-Formby-Sundra-Rajoo.pdf</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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		<title>专业工程师对临时工程的核准签署</title>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Jun 2025</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2025 年 5 月 24 日</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在建筑行业中，临时工程是建设项目中的重要组成部分，承担着支撑和保障永久结构安全施工的职责。专业工程师 (Professional Engineers, PEs) 在确保这些临时工程的设计与施工符合高标准安全规范方面扮演着至关重要的角色。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>临时工程</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">临时工程指在施工或维护永久结构期间所需的结构、系统或组件，施工完成后不作为项目最终结构的一部分。这些工程可提供支撑、安全与通道，使主要施工活动得以高效、安全地进行。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在建筑行业中，之所以需要临时工程或结构，有几个原因。常见的临时工程类型包括：支撑结构（如支架、脚手架、模板与模具）、重型设备临时基础、水管理系统（如围堰）、以及现场围栏等安全系统。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">下表（表 1）概述了建筑行业中各类临时工程及其各自的功能。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-临时工程类型.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21535" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-临时工程类型.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="560" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-临时工程类型.jpeg 800w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-临时工程类型-300x210.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-临时工程类型-768x538.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21533" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="1168" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续.jpeg 800w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续-205x300.jpeg 205w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续-701x1024.jpeg 701w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-临时工程的类型-续-768x1121.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">根据表1中简要说明的各种临时工程类型，可以清楚地看出，这些结构在确保建筑项目的安全与稳定方面起着至关重要的作用。因此，任何承包商都不应轻视临时工程，因为它们在施工的不同阶段充当关键的支撑系统。若忽视这些工程的适当设计、安装和维护，可能会导致结构失效，从而对工人、公众及整个项目进度构成重大风险。这类失效可能引发事故、经济损失、项目延误，甚至法律责任。因此，遵循工程标准和最佳实践对确保临时工程的安全性和结构完整性至关重要。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>专业工程师对临时工程的核准签署及其职责</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">依据马来西亚工程师委员会 (Board of Engineers Malaysia, BEM) 发布的第001号指南《施工阶段临时工程中专业工程师的角色与责任》[7]，专业工程师必须积极确保公众及工人的安全利益。其职责包括确保临时工程设计在施工期间能够适当地支撑永久结构直至完工。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">马来西亚工程师委员会指出，临时工程设计应与永久工程设计享有同等重视，且必须符合相关法律与公认设计标准与实践，包括：</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul><li>《1994年职业安全与健康法令》（法令 514) [8]</li><li>《2011年工程建设工程职业安全与健康规范》（公共工程局标准) [9]</li><li>英国标准 5975:2008 — 临时工程规范与支架允许应力设计[10]</li><li>建筑业发展局相关指南 [11][12]</li><li>马来西亚标准1462 (金属脚手架)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>临时工程设计与监督不当可能造成严重后果</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">众所周知，临时工程或结构的设计对于确保安全至关重要。临时结构的任何部位如构件或连接点一旦发生失效，都可能导致结构倒塌，并有可能造成工人伤亡。图7展示了位于梳邦富拉高架铁路延伸工程施工中，模板与脚手架在车库楼板施工期间坍塌所引发的事故[13]。</p><div id="attachment_19328" style="width: 610px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19328" class="wp-image-19328" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Figure7-Failure-of-Temporary-Works-Falsework-13.jpeg" alt="图 7: 失败的临时工程 (支架) [13]" width="600" height="430" /><p id="caption-attachment-19328" class="wp-caption-text"><i>图 7: 失败的临时工程 (支架) [13]</i></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">临时工程的安全性应得到与永久结构同等重视。因此，专业工程师对临时工程的验证与背书尤为关键。在施工启动前，需对设计、材料选用与法规合规性进行全面审查，以确保施工顺利进行并最大程度降低事故风险、项目延误与经济损失。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献：</strong></em><br /><em>[1] Kondratenko, V. E., Devyatiarova, V. V., Albul, S. V., &amp; Kartyshev, D. S. (2020). Improving methodology for calculating scaffolding formwork of monolithic slabs in building constructions. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/971/5/052037/pdf">https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/971/5/052037/pdf</a></em><br /><em>[2] Ir. KB Lee (2016). Talk on “An Overview of Malaysian Standard MS1462 for Metal Scaffolding” . Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2.talk-on-overview-of-ms1462-2012-cidb-seminar-01-03-16.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2.talk-on-overview-of-ms1462-2012-cidb-seminar-01-03-16.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[3] David W. Johntson. (2008) Chapter 7: Design and Construction of Concrete Formwork. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.academia.edu/26570483/Chapter_7_Design_and_Construction_of_Concrete_Formwork">https://www.academia.edu/26570483/Chapter_7_Design_and_Construction_of_Concrete_Formwork</a></em><br /><em>[4] Watson, T., &amp; Marchand, S. (2018). Tower Crane Foundation and Tie Design. CIRIA C761. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://pdfcoffee.com/ciria-report-c761-tower-crane-foundation-and-tie-design-graham-garner-amp-partners-copy-pdf-free.html">https://pdfcoffee.com/ciria-report-c761-tower-crane-foundation-and-tie-design-graham-garner-amp-partners-copy-pdf-free.html</a></em><br /><em>[5] Professor Kamran M. Nemati (2007). Temporary structures, Lesson 4: Cofferdams. University Of Washington. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/9595202.pdf">https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/9595202.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[6] Temporary Works Forum. (2020). Hoarding &#8211; A guide to good practice. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.twforum.org.uk/viewdocument/hoardings-a-guide-to-good-practic-1">https://www.twforum.org.uk/viewdocument/hoardings-a-guide-to-good-practic-1</a></em><br /><em>[7] Board of Engineers Malaysia. (2015). Guidelines No:001: The Role and Responsibility of Professional Engineers for Temporary Works During Construction Stage. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/c42e93cede498aa054f6164dbddd57fd.pdf">https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/c42e93cede498aa054f6164dbddd57fd.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[8] Laws of Malaysia. (2024). Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514), As at 1 June 2024. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Act-1994-Act-514_Reprint-Version-1.6.2024_English.pdf">https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Occupational-Safety-and-Health-Act-1994-Act-514_Reprint-Version-1.6.2024_English.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[9] Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia. (2011). JKR Specification for Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering Construction Works. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.jkrperak.gov.my/images/PDF/ARAHAN_KPKR/Arahan_KPKR_012012.pdf">https://www.jkrperak.gov.my/images/PDF/ARAHAN_KPKR/Arahan_KPKR_012012.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[10] British Standards Institution (BSI). (2008). BS 5975:2008 – Code of Practice for Temporary Works Procedures and the Permissible Stress Design of Falsework. BSI British Standard. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.scribd.com/document/497986455/BS-5975-2008">https://www.scribd.com/document/497986455/BS-5975-2008 </a></em><br /><em>[11] Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB). (2021). Guideline for Developer &amp; Contractor (Small &amp; Medium): Migration from Conventional Method to IBS. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/211-Guideline-for-developer-contractor-small-medium-Migration-from-conventional-method-to-IBS_compressed-1.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/211-Guideline-for-developer-contractor-small-medium-Migration-from-conventional-method-to-IBS_compressed-1.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[12] Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia. (2021). CIS 22: 2021 Safe Use of Scaffolding in Construction. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="http://stamp.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/4.-CIS-22-2021.pdf">http://stamp.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/4.-CIS-22-2021.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[13] Melissa Chi and Pathma Subramaniam. (2014). Two trapped in rubble as yet another collapse hits LRT line. Retrieved on 24th May 2025 from <a href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2014/12/24/three-trapped-in-rubble-as-yet-another-collapse-hits-lrt-line/807885">https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2014/12/24/three-trapped-in-rubble-as-yet-another-collapse-hits-lrt-line/807885</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e4%b8%93%e4%b8%9a%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%e5%af%b9%e4%b8%b4%e6%97%b6%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e7%9a%84%e6%a0%b8%e5%87%86%e7%ad%be%e7%bd%b2/">专业工程师对临时工程的核准签署</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>马来西亚标准与工业研究院（SIRIM Berhad）到访 IPM</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/cn/%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e4%b8%8e%e5%b7%a5%e4%b8%9a%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e9%99%a2%ef%bc%88sirim-berhad%ef%bc%89%e5%88%b0%e8%ae%bf-ipm/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Fri, 16 May 2025 03:38:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>IPM很荣幸近日在办公室接待了马来西亚标准与工业研究院 (SIRIM Berhad)。</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e4%b8%8e%e5%b7%a5%e4%b8%9a%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e9%99%a2%ef%bc%88sirim-berhad%ef%bc%89%e5%88%b0%e8%ae%bf-ipm/">马来西亚标准与工业研究院（SIRIM Berhad）到访 IPM</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p>IPM很荣幸近日在办公室接待了马来西亚标准与工业研究院 (SIRIM Berhad)。</p><p>此次到访为双方提供了一个良好的机会，讨论未来的合作可能，并确保两家机构在前进的方向上保持一致。我们进行了富有意义的交流，重点放在加强联系、共享专业知识，以及探索通过合作为行业和客户创造更大价值的领域。</p><p>我们真诚期待与 SIRIM Berhad 建立更紧密的合作伙伴关系，并将继续以专业和专注的态度，提供卓越的建筑与工程咨询服务。</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86%e4%b8%8e%e5%b7%a5%e4%b8%9a%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6%e9%99%a2%ef%bc%88sirim-berhad%ef%bc%89%e5%88%b0%e8%ae%bf-ipm/">马来西亚标准与工业研究院（SIRIM Berhad）到访 IPM</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>现场安全督导员与安全健康官员在建筑项目中的要求</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/cn/%e7%8e%b0%e5%9c%ba%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e7%9d%a3%e5%af%bc%e5%91%98%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e5%81%a5%e5%ba%b7%e5%ae%98%e5%91%98%e5%9c%a8%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e8%a6%81/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2025 01:45:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>May 2025</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e7%8e%b0%e5%9c%ba%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e7%9d%a3%e5%af%bc%e5%91%98%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e5%81%a5%e5%ba%b7%e5%ae%98%e5%91%98%e5%9c%a8%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e9%a1%b9%e7%9b%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e8%a6%81/">现场安全督导员与安全健康官员在建筑项目中的要求</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者：赖玟橃博士 | 2025 年 4 月 28 日</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在建筑行业中，安全是确保项目顺利进行、避免任何可能危害工人或影响工程进度风险的关键因素。施工现场存在多种高风险作业，例如高空作业、重型机械操作与危险物料处理。因此，毫无例外地遵守所有安全法规对于降低事故发生几率至关重要。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)的重要性</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">为确保所有安全措施得到落实，必须根据项目规模、工人人数和工作场所风险水平，任命现场安全督导员 (Site Safety Supervisor, SSS) 和/或安全健康官员 (Safety and Health Officer, SHO)。现场安全督导员(SSS)负责监督中小型项目的安全合规执行，而或安全健康官员(SHO)则适用于大型或复杂项目，以确保全面遵守监管机构设定的法律与安全指导规范。现场安全督导员(SSS)和/或安全健康官员(SHO)的正确监督与执法可在早期识别潜在风险，并及时实施预防措施，以保障工人安全并维持项目顺利进行。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">若工人在没有现场安全督导员(SSS)和/或安全健康官员(SHO)在场监督的情况下进行现场作业，不符合安全法规的可能性显著上升，可能导致不安全的作业方式，使工人处于危险环境中，造成严重伤害或死亡。图 1 显示某些工人在高空作业时未佩戴个人防护装备 (Personal Protective Equipment, PPE)，因缺乏现场安全督导员(SSS)或安全健康官员(SHO)的监督，存在坠落风险，可能导致致命伤害或死亡[1]。</p><div id="attachment_19282" style="width: 358px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Figure-1-Workers-with-no-PPE-1.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19282" class="wp-image-19282 size-full" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Figure-1-Workers-with-no-PPE-1.jpg" alt="" width="348" height="379" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-19282" class="wp-caption-text"><em>图 1: 未佩戴个人防护装备的员工 [1]</em></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)之间的差异</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">尽管现场安全督导员(SSS)与或安全健康官员(SHO)的主要职能均是确保现场安全合规，但其监管要求、职责范围与工作职能存在显著差异。下表概括了两者在法规适用、任命方、职责和现场要求方面的主要区别。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong> <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21520" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456.jpeg" alt="" width="1139" height="1076" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456.jpeg 1139w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456-300x283.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456-1024x967.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的基于要求与职责比较23456-768x726.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1139px) 100vw, 1139px" /></a></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)的资格流程</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)均为必须对安全法规有深刻理解的专业人员，因此其资格获取过程涵盖多个步骤，以确保候选人具备必要知识与实务技能。在具备资格前，候选人需完成结构化培训课程，包括参加涵盖工作场所安全及法律合规各方面内容的必修课程。以下表格描述了取得现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)资格必须完成的各项步骤。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21521" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78.jpeg" alt="" width="1140" height="1281" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78.jpeg 1140w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78-267x300.jpeg 267w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78-911x1024.jpeg 911w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2：成为现场安全督导员SSS与安全健康官员SHO的官方课程流程概要78-768x863.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1140px) 100vw, 1140px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">现场安全督导员(SSS)与安全健康官员(SHO)的角色强调工作场所安全不仅是法规要求，更是任何建筑项目成功的核心要素。现场安全督导员(SSS)注重日常现场安全实践，而或安全健康官员(SHO)负责更全面的政策合规监督，两者共同致力于实现无安全隐患的工作环境。他们的协同努力可减少风险、防止延误、确保合规，并最终提升项目效率与保障工人福祉。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献： </strong></em><br /><em>[1] Consumers’ Association of Penang. (2019). Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan gagal mengawasi ketidakpatuhan keperluan keselamatan di tapak kerja. Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="https://consumer.org.my/ms/jabatan-keselamatan-dan-kesihatan-pekerjaan-gagal-mengawasi-ketidakpatuhan-keperluan-keselamatan-di-tapak-kerja/">https://consumer.org.my/ms/jabatan-keselamatan-dan-kesihatan-pekerjaan-gagal-mengawasi-ketidakpatuhan-keperluan-keselamatan-di-tapak-kerja/ </a></em><br /><em>[2] Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR). (2011). Specifications for Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering Construction Works 2011. Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="https://www.jkrperak.gov.my/images/PDF/ARAHAN_KPKR/Arahan_KPKR_012012.pdf">https://www.jkrperak.gov.my/images/PDF/ARAHAN_KPKR/Arahan_KPKR_012012.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[3] Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (1997). Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Order 1997. Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="http://202.75.5.148/index.php/legislation/order/occupational-safety-and-health/570-02-occupational-safety-and-health-safety-and-health-officer-order-1997/file">http://202.75.5.148/index.php/legislation/order/occupational-safety-and-health/570-02-occupational-safety-and-health-safety-and-health-officer-order-1997/file</a></em><br /><em>[4] Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (DOSH). (1997). Peraturan-peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Pegawai Keselamatan dan Kesihatan) 1997 [P.U. (A) 315/1997]. Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Peraturan-Keselamatan-Dan-Kesihatan-Pekerjaan-Pegawai-Keselamatan-dan-Kesihatan-1997.pdf">https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Peraturan-Keselamatan-Dan-Kesihatan-Pekerjaan-Pegawai-Keselamatan-dan-Kesihatan-1997.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[5] Government of Malaysia. Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations 1986 [P.U. (A) 328/1986]. Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Peraturan-Kilang-dan-Jentera-Kendalian-Bangunan-dan-Kerja-kerja-Binaan-Kejuruteraan-Keselamatan-1986.pdf">https://dosh.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Peraturan-Kilang-dan-Jentera-Kendalian-Bangunan-dan-Kerja-kerja-Binaan-Kejuruteraan-Keselamatan-1986.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[6] Department of Occupational Safety and Health. (n.d.). The Difference Between Site Safety Supervisor (SSS) and Safety Health Officer (SHO). Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="https://intranet.dosh.gov.my/index.php/component/content/article/543-public-poll/1753-the-difference-between-site-safety-supervisor-sss-and-safety-health-officer-sho">https://intranet.dosh.gov.my/index.php/component/content/article/543-public-poll/1753-the-difference-between-site-safety-supervisor-sss-and-safety-health-officer-sho</a></em><br /><em>[7] Institut Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Negara (NIOSH). (n.d.). Kurikulum Kursus Site Safety Supervisor (Revision No. PDD231128). Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="http://www.niosh.com.my/images/CourseContent/CP/New/SST8/NIOSH-PDD-SSS.pdf">http://www.niosh.com.my/images/CourseContent/CP/New/SST8/NIOSH-PDD-SSS.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[8] Institut Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan Negara (NIOSH). (n.d.). Kurikulum Kursus Safety and Health Officer (Revision No. MAST240124). Retrieved on 28th April 2025 from <a href="http://www.niosh.com.my/images/CourseContent/CP/New/NIOSH-PDD-SHO.pdf">http://www.niosh.com.my/images/CourseContent/CP/New/NIOSH-PDD-SHO.pdf</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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		<title>建筑图提呈 &#8211; 由建筑师还是工程师?</title>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Mar 2025 06:58:00 +0000</pubDate>
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<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e5%9b%be%e6%8f%90%e5%91%88-%e7%94%b1%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e5%b8%88%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88/">建筑图提呈 &#8211; 由建筑师还是工程师?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2025 年 3 月 30 日</p><p style="text-align: justify;">自2007年推行完工与合规证书（Certificate of Completion and Compliance, CCC）制度以来，主提呈人 (Principal Submitting Person, PSP) 与提呈人 (Submitting Person, SP) 的概念被引入，以作为建筑项目中签发完工与合规证书的责任方。《1984年统一建筑附则》将主提呈人和提呈人定义为合资格人员，包括建筑师、持有执业证书的专业工程师 (Professional Engineer with Practising Certificate, PEPC) 或注册建筑绘图员，他们有权进行图纸提呈[1]。通常，主提呈人或提呈人会分别向地方政府的内部技术部门以及外部技术机构提呈相关图纸。下表概述了由建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师分别负责的提呈类型：</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈类型一览表.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21508" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈类型一览表.jpeg" alt="" width="1006" height="674" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈类型一览表.jpeg 1006w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈类型一览表-300x201.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-建筑师与持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈类型一览表-768x515.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1006px) 100vw, 1006px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">根据《1974年街道、排水与建筑法》， “建筑图则”是指包括场地平面图、位置图、楼层平面图、剖面图和立面图，并在根据本法制定的任何附例中有具体规定的图则。“提交人”是指根据本法或其下制定的任何附例，向地方当局或相关法定机构提交非建筑图则的合格人士，并包括接手该合格人士的职责与责任或代表该合格人士行事的任何其他合格人士。而“合资格人员”则包括注册建筑师、PEPC或注册建筑绘图员[2]。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在马来西亚，与许多国家一样，未委任建筑师或PEPC将带来以下法律与实际风险：</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">违反建筑法规、规定与合规要求，可能导致罚款、诉讼或停工。</li><li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">增加建筑缺陷、结构失效与安全隐患风险，危及住户与工人安全。</li><li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">易出现施工质量不达标，导致返工、延误与客户不满。</li><li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">因返工、诉讼等增加项目成本，影响开发商与投资者回报。</li><li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: lower-alpha;">破坏公司或项目声誉，影响未来发展机会与业内关系。</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">通常建筑图由建筑师提呈，但工厂类建筑可由PEPC提呈。这一点与2020年6月2日马来西亚建筑师委员会 (Board of Architects Malaysia, BAM)与马来西亚工程师委员会 (Board of Engineers Malaysia, BEM) 联合发布的通告第009号一致。该联合备忘录修订后的附录如下：</p><p style="font-size: 14px; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><em>附录A: 除非为建筑师，任何人不得提呈下列项目的建筑图、报告或规格书；但如涉及非标准性工程，则应由具执业证书的专业工程师提呈[3].</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-1-Submission-of-plans-by-Architect.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19238 size-full" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-1-Submission-of-plans-by-Architect.png" alt="" width="854" height="889" /></a></p><p style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><em>附录B: 除非为具执业证书的专业工程师，任何人不得提呈下列项目的建筑图、工程图、报告或规格书；但如涉及建筑设计，则应由建筑师提呈 [3]。</em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-2-Submission-of-plans-by-PEPC.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19239 size-full" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-2-Submission-of-plans-by-PEPC.png" alt="" width="854" height="1035" /></a></p><p style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><em>附录C:下列项目的建筑图、报告或规格书必须由建筑师或具执业证书的专业工程师提呈；若包含附录 A 项目，须由建筑师提呈；若包含附录 B 项目，须由持有执业证书的专业工程师提呈[3]</em></p><p style="padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-3-Submission-of-plans-by-Architect-or-PEPC.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19240 size-full" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Figure-3-Submission-of-plans-by-Architect-or-PEPC.png" alt="" width="854" height="795" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>表格F, F1 and G1 – G21</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">只有主提呈人可签署表格 F 或 F1（见表 2）；而表格 G1–G21 应由项目相关的提呈人签署，其对应关系请参考下列表格。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2-表格-F-与-F1-中各部分的主提呈人-4.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter  wp-image-21509" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2-表格-F-与-F1-中各部分的主提呈人-4.jpeg" alt="" width="617" height="80" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2-表格-F-与-F1-中各部分的主提呈人-4.jpeg 890w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2-表格-F-与-F1-中各部分的主提呈人-4-300x38.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-2-表格-F-与-F1-中各部分的主提呈人-4-768x98.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-3-表格-G1–G21-各部分的提呈人4.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter  wp-image-21510" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-3-表格-G1–G21-各部分的提呈人4.jpeg" alt="" width="608" height="428" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-3-表格-G1–G21-各部分的提呈人4.jpeg 894w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-3-表格-G1–G21-各部分的提呈人4-300x211.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-3-表格-G1–G21-各部分的提呈人4-768x541.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 608px) 100vw, 608px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">在马来西亚，完工与合规证书的签发必须由主提呈人承担责任。根据BEM于2020年发布的第009号通告，无论是建筑师还是PEPC，只要符合附录 A、B、C 所列的范围，皆可担任主提呈人并负责建筑图提呈，项目完工后签发表格 F。而 G1–G21 的表格则由提呈人根据实际工作内容签署。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在建筑行业中，未委任合资格的建筑师与工程师，将导致法律风险、安全隐患、经济损失及声誉受损。项目各方应高度重视专业人员的参与，以确保合规、安全、如期完成项目，并保障公众利益。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em>参考文献：</em></strong><br /><em>[1] Uniform Building (Amendment) By-Laws 2021. Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974. Retrieved on 30th March 2025 from <a href="https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/wp-content/d/sites/default/files/2022-01/PEWARTAAN%20UKBS%201984%20SECARA%20G.N%20%28GAZETTE%20NOTIFICATION%29.pdf">https://jkt.kpkt.gov.my/wp-content/d/sites/default/files/2022-01/PEWARTAAN%20UKBS%201984%20SECARA%20G.N%20%28GAZETTE%20NOTIFICATION%29.pdf </a></em><br /><em>[2] Laws of Malaysia. (2014). Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133). Retrieved on 30th March 2025 from <a href="https://www.ppj.gov.my/storage/7476/133---STREET,-DRAINAGE-AND-BUILDING-ACT-1974.pdf">https://www.ppj.gov.my/storage/7476/133&#8212;STREET,-DRAINAGE-AND-BUILDING-ACT-1974.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[3] Board of Engineers Malaysia. (2020). Circular No. 009. Submission of Building Plans by Professional Engineers with Practising Certificate and Architects. Retrieved on 30th March 2025 from <a href="https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/db18fa092f138ff96359e0813d97cdc8.pdf">https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/db18fa092f138ff96359e0813d97cdc8.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[4] Board of Engineers Malaysia. (2018). Circular No. 007. PEPC Endorsement on Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC) and Form Gs. Retrieved on 30th March 2025 from <a href="https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/c148fdeb7588f2472de7138333b3aac4.pdf">https://bem.org.my/uploads/ISO/ProfessionalPractice/c148fdeb7588f2472de7138333b3aac4.pdf</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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									<p><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/建筑图提呈-由建筑师还是工程师.pdf">阅读PDF »</a></p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e5%9b%be%e6%8f%90%e5%91%88-%e7%94%b1%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e5%b8%88%e8%bf%98%e6%98%af%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88/">建筑图提呈 &#8211; 由建筑师还是工程师?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>与吉隆坡市政局(DBKL)官员联合进行 KLCC 区域冷却厂(DCC2)建筑检查</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/cn/%e4%b8%8e%e5%90%89%e9%9a%86%e5%9d%a1%e5%b8%82%e6%94%bf%e5%b1%80dbkl%e5%ae%98%e5%91%98%e8%81%94%e5%90%88%e8%bf%9b%e8%a1%8c-klcc-%e5%8c%ba%e5%9f%9f%e5%86%b7%e5%8d%b4%e5%8e%82dcc2%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 03:18:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>我们非常高兴顺利完成了与吉隆坡市政局（DBKL）官员及我们的客户，在 KLCC 区域冷却厂（KLCC District Cooling Plant, DCC2）进行的联合建筑检查。衷心感谢 DBKL 官员和我们的客户在整个检查项目中的配合与支持。我们将持续致力于为建筑及建设行业的客户提供专业的建筑检查服务，并高效地与地方当局对接及提交相关报告。</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e4%b8%8e%e5%90%89%e9%9a%86%e5%9d%a1%e5%b8%82%e6%94%bf%e5%b1%80dbkl%e5%ae%98%e5%91%98%e8%81%94%e5%90%88%e8%bf%9b%e8%a1%8c-klcc-%e5%8c%ba%e5%9f%9f%e5%86%b7%e5%8d%b4%e5%8e%82dcc2%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91/">与吉隆坡市政局(DBKL)官员联合进行 KLCC 区域冷却厂(DCC2)建筑检查</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">我们非常高兴顺利完成了与吉隆坡市政局（DBKL）官员及我们的客户，在 KLCC 区域冷却厂（KLCC District Cooling Plant, DCC2）进行的联合建筑检查。衷心感谢 DBKL 官员和我们的客户在整个检查项目中的配合与支持。我们将持续致力于为建筑及建设行业的客户提供专业的建筑检查服务，并高效地与地方当局对接及提交相关报告。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">重点说明：根据《1974年街道、排水与建筑法令》第85A条规定，高层建筑（超过5层）在竣工满10年后必须进行目视检查，此后每隔10年重复进行一次。目视检查的目的是评估建筑物的现状及性能，以确保建筑物在接下来的10年内仍然适合居住。因此，最终报告将对建筑物的安全等级做出结论。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">一般做法是，地方当局（Local Authority, LA）将通过书面通知告知建筑物的业主或管理机构。业主或管理机构收到通知后，必须委任一名持有执业证书的专业工程师（Professional Engineer with Practicing Certificate, PEPC）进行建筑物的目视检查。检查完成后，PEPC 将在规定的时间内编制并提交检查报告给地方当局。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">该报告将包含五个主要章节，分别为：建筑物简介、目视检查观察结果、缺陷根源分析、建议的修复措施，以及结论（安全或不安全）。若 PEPC 认为结构性缺陷可能危及或削弱建筑物的结构完整性，则 PEPC 将建议进行全面的结构性调查（建筑缺陷评估），此项工作将属于另行的服务范围。</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e4%b8%8e%e5%90%89%e9%9a%86%e5%9d%a1%e5%b8%82%e6%94%bf%e5%b1%80dbkl%e5%ae%98%e5%91%98%e8%81%94%e5%90%88%e8%bf%9b%e8%a1%8c-klcc-%e5%8c%ba%e5%9f%9f%e5%86%b7%e5%8d%b4%e5%8e%82dcc2%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91/">与吉隆坡市政局(DBKL)官员联合进行 KLCC 区域冷却厂(DCC2)建筑检查</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>IPM恭贺HI Mobility Berhad成功在马来西亚交易所主板上市！</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/cn/ipm%e6%81%ad%e8%b4%bahi-mobility-berhad%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e5%9c%a8%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e4%ba%a4%e6%98%93%e6%89%80%e4%b8%bb%e6%9d%bf%e4%b8%8a%e5%b8%82%ef%bc%81/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[IPM]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Mar 2025 07:26:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[活动]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IPM]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://ipm.my/cn/?p=20005</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>IPM衷心祝贺HI Mobility Berhad成功在马来西亚交易所 (Bursa Malaysia) 主板上市。该公司通过首次公开募股 (IPO) 筹集高达1亿1590万令吉，募集资金将用于扩展巴士车队，包括采购电动及内燃机巴士，并进一步提升电动车充电基础设施。</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/ipm%e6%81%ad%e8%b4%bahi-mobility-berhad%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e5%9c%a8%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e4%ba%a4%e6%98%93%e6%89%80%e4%b8%bb%e6%9d%bf%e4%b8%8a%e5%b8%82%ef%bc%81/">IPM恭贺HI Mobility Berhad成功在马来西亚交易所主板上市！</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">IPM衷心祝贺HI Mobility Berhad成功在马来西亚交易所 (Bursa Malaysia) 主板上市。该公司通过首次公开募股 (IPO) 筹集高达1亿1590万令吉，募集资金将用于扩展巴士车队，包括采购电动及内燃机巴士，并进一步提升电动车充电基础设施。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">此外，IPM有幸受邀出席 HI Mobility Berhad 的IPO招股书发布会。此次盛会汇聚了来自政府部门、私人企业、投资银行、媒体及其他受邀嘉宾。在活动期间，我们有幸向 HI Mobility Berhad 的执行董事兼总执行长林镇权表示祝贺，感谢他领导公司迈向这一重要里程碑。我们希望 HI Mobility Berhad 能够在交通运输领域发挥重要影响，并期待见证其持续增长和成功。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">IPM再次向 HI Mobility Berhad 致以最热烈的祝贺，并祝愿他们在这一激动人心的新篇章中取得更辉煌的成就！</p>								</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/ipm%e6%81%ad%e8%b4%bahi-mobility-berhad%e6%88%90%e5%8a%9f%e5%9c%a8%e9%a9%ac%e6%9d%a5%e8%a5%bf%e4%ba%9a%e4%ba%a4%e6%98%93%e6%89%80%e4%b8%bb%e6%9d%bf%e4%b8%8a%e5%b8%82%ef%bc%81/">IPM恭贺HI Mobility Berhad成功在马来西亚交易所主板上市！</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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		<title>布局规划许可 (KM Layout) 与建筑规划许可 (KM BUILDING)</title>
		<link>https://ipm.my/cn/%e5%b8%83%e5%b1%80%e8%a7%84%e5%88%92%e8%ae%b8%e5%8f%af-km-layout-%e4%b8%8e%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e8%a7%84%e5%88%92%e8%ae%b8%e5%8f%af-km-building/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 07:38:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Mar 2025</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://ipm.my/cn/%e5%b8%83%e5%b1%80%e8%a7%84%e5%88%92%e8%ae%b8%e5%8f%af-km-layout-%e4%b8%8e%e5%bb%ba%e7%ad%91%e8%a7%84%e5%88%92%e8%ae%b8%e5%8f%af-km-building/">布局规划许可 (KM Layout) 与建筑规划许可 (KM BUILDING)</a> appeared first on <a href="https://ipm.my/cn">IPM</a>.</p>
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									<p>作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2025 年 2 月 24 日</p><p>‘Kebenaran Merancang (KM)’ 或规划许可是向地方政府申请发展准证 (Development Order, DO) 的过程。根据《1982年联邦直辖区（规划）法令》（2006年修订）第267号法令第2(1)条文，“发展”被定义为：</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;"><em>“在土地上、土地内或土地下进行任何建筑、工程、采矿、工业或其他类似操作，或对任何土地或建筑物或其部分的用途进行任何实质性改变，或土地的细分或合并 ” [1]</em></p><p>根据第21与第22条文，发展准证或称 “Perintah Pembangunan” 是：</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;"><em>“在获得规划许可批准后所发出的，有条件或无条件允许进行发展的批准 ” [1]</em></p><p>同时，《1976年城乡规划法令》（第172号法令）规定：</p><p style="padding-left: 80px;"><em>“除地方政府（Local Authority, LA）以外，任何人不得开始、承接或进行任何发展，除非该发展已根据第22条文获得发展准证，或根据第24(3)小节获延长 ” [2]</em></p><p>因此，若在未获得发展准证的情况下进行任何开发活动，将被视为违法。</p><p>一般来说，规划许可提呈可分为四类：</p><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li>布局图 (Pelan Susunatur)</li><li>建筑图 (Pelan Pendirian Bangunan)</li><li>用途变更 (Perubahan Material Bangunan)</li><li>临时 (Sementara/ Tempoh Terhad)</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p>本文仅限于讨论布局规划许可提呈与建筑规划许可提呈之间的比较。一般而言，<strong>布局规划许可</strong>用于展示拟议土地范围内的土地用途，并用于编制总图、土地细分、土地分割、土地合并及／或土地转换等涉及拟议土地规范与用途变更的事项。</p><p>而<strong>建筑规划许可</strong>则用于展示建筑物在拟议土地范围内的相对位置，以符合各州城乡规划局所设定的各项建筑规划要求。这些要求包括退距、停车位、绿化面积、地积比等。</p><p>规划许可流程所依据的法规与指南（不限于以下）包括：</p><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">国家土地法典 (Kanun Tanah Negara)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">城乡规划法令 (Akta Perancangan Bandar dan Desa)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">各州规划指南与标准手册 (Manual Garis Panduan dan Piawaian Perancangan Negeri)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">地方政府法令 (Akta Kerajaan Tempatan)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">街道、排水与建筑物法令 (Akta Jalan, Parit dan Bangunan)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">政府宪报 (Warta Kerajaan)</li><li style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">地方政府及外部技术机构 （External Technical Agencies, ETA） 制定的指导方针与附例</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><p><strong>总图 (Pelan Induk)</strong></p><p>总图是通过报告、草图、地图和模型详细展现开发计划的开发平面图[3]。它是一种用于展示土地或地块长期发展规划的综合图纸，其细节程度高于概念图，同时也作为规划审批中布局图编制的依据。通常情况下，如果一个单一地契地块无需更改土地大小或用途，只需提呈建筑规划许可，即可进入建筑图阶段。</p><p>但若该地块没有总图或未纳入任何总图规划范围，则必须先提呈布局规划许可以编制总图，并接受完整的技术审查。此因素决定是否需通过布局规划许可或建筑规划许可。</p><p><strong>布局规划许可 (Pelan Susunatur)</strong></p><p>此类提呈涉及一个以上的建筑单位，如住宅区、商业区、工业园区、土地细分、土地分割与土地合并[4]。布局图的编制是提出更改地界 / 土地用途条件 / 开发建议的起点，将涉及内部技术机构与外部技术机构的审查与批准，以制定总图并获得完整的外部技术审查。完成土地细分或土地分割后，需再提呈建筑规划许可作为个别地契申请建筑图与建筑批准[5]。</p><p><strong>建筑规划许可 (Pelan Pendirian Bangunan)</strong></p><p>此提呈的目的在于向地方政府的规划部门申请建筑施工与建筑批准。通常适用于独栋建筑，如洋房、公寓、加油站、工厂，以及具有分层地契的建筑，或已拥有总图的土地。此类提呈将涉及内部技术机构与外部技术机构的审查，并基于现有总图进行。提呈者须为根据《1995年城市规划法令》（第538号法令）第15(3)小节注册，并列入“注册规划师 A类名录”中的人士[5]。由于此类土地已有总图，审批所需时间一般短于布局规划许可的审批。</p><p>若土地已有地方政府批准的总图，除非地方政府另有要求，外部技术机构一般不会进行全面审查。各地方政府的程序存在差异。正如图1所示，莎阿南市政厅要求无论有无总图，建筑图皆以建筑规划许可提呈；而涉及未解决的土地问题，则需通过布局规划许可提呈[6]。</p><div id="attachment_18997" style="width: 1878px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Figure-1-KM-selection-process-used-in-Majlis-Bandaraya-Shah-Alam-MBSA-Planning-Department-7.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-18997" class="wp-image-18997 size-full" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Figure-1-KM-selection-process-used-in-Majlis-Bandaraya-Shah-Alam-MBSA-Planning-Department-7.png" alt="" width="1868" height="661" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-18997" class="wp-caption-text"><em>图1：莎阿南市政厅规划部采用的规划许可选择流程 [7]</em></p></div><p><strong>总结</strong></p><p>建筑规划许可通常用于向地方政府申请建筑施工许可与批准；而布局规划许可则在开发前申请土地规范变更。因此，根据土地的现状，注册规划师将决定应提呈布局规划许可或建筑规划许可。规划许可提呈的选择取决于申请目的与土地状况。</p><p><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21496" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结.jpeg" alt="" width="1110" height="455" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结.jpeg 1110w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结-300x123.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结-1024x420.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-布局规划许可与建筑规划许可比较总结-768x315.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1110px) 100vw, 1110px" /></a></p><p><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献：:</strong></em><br /><em>[1] Laws of Malaysia. (2006). Federal Territory (Planning) Act 1982 (Act 267) (Amended 2006). Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://simplymalaysia.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/act-267-federal_territory_planning_act_1982_amended_2006.pdf">https://simplymalaysia.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/act-267-federal_territory_planning_act_1982_amended_2006.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[2] Laws of Malaysia. (2014). Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://tcclaw.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Town-and-Country-Planning-Act-1976.pdf">https://tcclaw.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Town-and-Country-Planning-Act-1976.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[3] Government of Malaysia. (n.d.). Kebenaran Merancang Kerja Bangunan (Dengan Kelulusan Pelan Induk/Master Plan). Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://www.malaysia.gov.my/media/uploads/3911be0c-67ba-4bbe-bcb0-5e7bf623d987.pdf">https://www.malaysia.gov.my/media/uploads/3911be0c-67ba-4bbe-bcb0-5e7bf623d987.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[4] Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam (MBSA). (n.d.). Permohonan Kebenaran Merancang. Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://www.mbsa.gov.my/ms-my/mbsa/perkhidmatan/pelanpembangunan/Halaman/pelan_km.aspx">https://www.mbsa.gov.my/ms-my/mbsa/perkhidmatan/pelanpembangunan/Halaman/pelan_km.aspx</a></em><br /><em>[5] PLANMalaysia. (n.d.). Kamus Perancangan Bandar dan Desa. Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/planmalaysia/modules_resources/database_stores/24/84_15.pdf">https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/planmalaysia/modules_resources/database_stores/24/84_15.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[6] Government of Malaysia. (n.d.). Kebenaran Merancang Kerja Bangunan (Tanpa Pelan Induk/Master Plan). Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://www.malaysia.gov.my/media/uploads/de689e95-5299-4ed9-96d8-e5eb691ecd7f.pdf">https://www.malaysia.gov.my/media/uploads/de689e95-5299-4ed9-96d8-e5eb691ecd7f.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[7] Majlis Bandaraya Shah Alam (MBSA). (n.d.). Proses dan Carta Alir Aktiviti – Kebenaran Merancang. Retrieved on 24th February 2025 from <a href="https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/subcategory/208?language=my">https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/subcategory/208?language=my</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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		<title>承包商签署竣工与合规证明表格G的资格</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2025 03:32:00 +0000</pubDate>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2025年1月30日</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>简介</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">马来西亚政府已于2021年7月13日通过第78届国家地方政府理事会 (National Council for Local Government, MNKT) 批准了1984年统一建筑附则 (Uniform Building By-Law, UBBL) 的修订[1]。其中第5条修订规定，所有建筑项目必须由获得建筑工业发展局 (Construction Industry Development Board, CIDB) 认证的施工项目经理 （Construction Project Manager） 和现场施工主管 (Site Construction Supervisor) 全职监管。此外，该修订也规定，为获取竣工与合规证明 (Certificate of Completion and Compliance, CCC) 而提交的G表格，必须由CIDB认可的施工项目经理签署。为确保修订顺利执行且不影响产业利益相关者，CIDB已与地方政府局 (Local Government Department, JKT)、马来西亚工程师委员会 (Board of Engineers Malaysia, BEM) 及马来西亚建筑师委员会 (Board of Architects Malaysia, LAM) 合作，明确了施工项目经理的资格标准。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>G 表格签名矩阵</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">G表格的签名矩阵供相关责任方在取得CCC前的认证阶段参考。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21480" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2.jpg" alt="" width="1040" height="2087" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2.jpg 1040w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2-149x300.jpg 149w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2-510x1024.jpg 510w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2-768x1541.jpg 768w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2-765x1536.jpg 765w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表-1-UBBL-2021年修订版-G表格签署人矩阵-2-1021x2048.jpg 1021w" sizes="(max-width: 1040px) 100vw, 1040px" /></a></p>
<p style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><i>图1: G1表格 土方工程认证示意图 [3]<br></i><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-18980" src="https://ipm.my/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Figure-1-Form-G1-Earthworks-Certification-By-law-25-or-27-Amendment-2021-3.png" alt="" width="627" height="840"></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>施工项目经理的资格</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">关于认证施工经理 (Certified Construction Manager, CCM) 与认证施工项目经理 (Certified Construction Project Manager, CCPM) 在何种情境下签署G表格，以及哪些项目需要他们签署，业界常常存在疑惑。CIDB已发布说明，明确了施工项目经理的资格要求，详见表2。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21483" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4.jpeg" alt="" width="1044" height="395" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4.jpeg 1044w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4-300x114.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4-1024x387.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表2：根据项目造价划分的G表格签署资格4-768x291.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1044px) 100vw, 1044px" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">在CIDB注册的建筑项目经理（Construction Project Manager, CPM）通常是指已符合CIDB所设定之必要条件，并正式被认可为具资格管理建筑项目的专业人士。CCPM和CCM的认证计划分为三种评估模式进行：</p>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: roman;">模式I(a)：培训与评估；</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: roman;">模式I(b)：仅评估；</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: roman;">模式II：通过教育程度与工作经验认证（Recognition of Prior Learning and Experience，RPLE） [5][6]。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify;">成功通过任何一种评估模式的候选人，将获得以下认证：</p>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: roman;">CCM将被授予第5级建筑技能能力证书（Construction Skills Competency Certificate, CSCC）；</li>
<li style="text-align: justify; list-style-type: roman;">CCPM则将被授予第6级CSCC</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify;">以下定义用于解释CPM与施工现场主管的含义：</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">CCPM是由建筑工业发展局认证的专业人士，具备丰富的知识与能力，能够胜任施工项目的全面管理工作。CCPM的职责包括：项目的规划、协调、组织、监督、控制、风险缓解及最终移交，确保项目在整个生命周期中达到预期的成本、工期与质量标准。除了技术能力外，CCPM还需秉持职业道德，并在工作场所中积极推动环境可持续、安全与健康的文化。该角色同时要求具备有效沟通、领导力和团队激励能力，以确保项目目标顺利实现。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">建筑与施工行业中施工项目经理的职业结构已在表3中进行了说明。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21482" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7.jpeg" alt="" width="1035" height="296" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7.jpeg 1035w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7-300x86.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7-1024x293.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表3：建筑与土木工程子领域施工项目经理职业结构-7-768x220.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1035px) 100vw, 1035px" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">CCM在建筑工地的施工执行过程中扮演着关键领导角色。在履行职责的过程中，CCM必须维持施工生产效率，以达成项目目标；同时要有效传达施工流程，确保所有团队成员与相关利益方都清楚理解各自的角色、职责以及项目期望。这些职责还包括：应对现场挑战、解决冲突、降低风险，并确保施工活动符合安全、质量和监管标准。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">建筑与施工行业中施工经理的职业结构已在表4中进行了说明。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21484" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8.jpeg" alt="" width="1040" height="298" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8.jpeg 1040w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8-300x86.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8-1024x293.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表4：土木工程子领域中施工经理的职业结构8-768x220.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1040px) 100vw, 1040px" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">表3与表4概述了建筑与施工领域中，特别是土木工程子领域内施工项目管理职业的层级结构。其中，“领域”指的是更广泛的产业领域，而“子领域”则具体细分至某一专业领域——在本案例中即为土木工程。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">该结构按1至6级进行划分，代表了施工项目管理职业中职责与角色的逐级晋升。整体来看，该结构展示了在土木工程领域从业者的典型职业发展路径：从初级岗位起步，逐步晋升至更高层级，承担更多责任并具备更强领导力的职位。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">施工现场主管 (Construction Site Supervisor, CSS) 是负责监督建筑工地日常运作的专业人员。他们确保建筑项目能安全、准时并符合设计图纸和规范地完成。其主要职责包括：管理工人、协调现场活动、监控施工进度、确保遵守安全法规，并解决施工过程中所出现的问题[9]。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">综上所述，所有建筑业参与者应严格遵守有关施工项目经理签署G表格的资格修订规定，依据1984年UBBL（2021年修订版）。如不符合规定，地方政府可能拒绝颁发CCC。因此，了解最新法规并持续合规，是确保项目顺利执行和维护良好行业声誉的关键。</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-size: 13px;"><em>**注：各州政府尚未对修订后的附则进行宪报公布。</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br>首席执行人/ 创始人<br>IPM环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献:</strong> </em><br /><em>[1] Construction Personnel Malaysia (2023). CIDB Official Letter Regarding UBBL 1984. Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.construction.org.my/2023/06/07/cidb-official-letter-regarding-ubbl-1984/">https://www.construction.org.my/2023/06/07/cidb-official-letter-regarding-ubbl-1984/</a></em><br /><em>[2] Construction Personnel Malaysia (n.d.). Uniform Building by Law (Rev 2021) G Form Signatories Matrix. Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.construction.org.my/ubbl-g-form-signatories-matrix/">https://www.construction.org.my/ubbl-g-form-signatories-matrix/ </a></em><br /><em>[3] Government of Malaysia. (2022). Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133). G.N. 5178/84. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984. Amendment 2021. Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan, Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan. Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://jkkp-fktm.unimap.edu.my/images/Analisis_APA/Undang2/UKBS_1984.pdf">https://jkkp-fktm.unimap.edu.my/images/Analisis_APA/Undang2/UKBS_1984.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[4] Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia. (2023). Determination of Eligibility of Construction Project Manager Who Signs the Form G Based on Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984 (Amendment 2021).1 CIDB Circular No. 3/2023. 30th January 2025 <a href="https://mbam.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/27032023-TRANSLATION-OF-CIDB-Circular-No.3.2023.pdf">https://mbam.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/27032023-TRANSLATION-OF-CIDB-Circular-No.3.2023.pdf </a></em><br /><em>[5] Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia (2024). Certified Construction Project Manager (CCPM). 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-project-manager-ccpm/">https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-project-manager-ccpm/</a></em><br /><em>[6] Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia (2024). Certified Construction Manager (CCM). Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-manager-ccm/">https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-manager-ccm/</a></em><br /><em>[7] Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia. (n.d.). Construction Industry Competency Standard (CICS) for Certified Construction Project Managers (CCPM) in Malaysia. Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CCPM-CICS-LEVEL-6-CIDB.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CCPM-CICS-LEVEL-6-CIDB.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[8] Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia. (n.d.). Construction Industry Competency Standard (CICS) for Certified Construction Managers (CCM) in Malaysia. Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CCM-CICS-CIDB-BPP.pdf">https://www.cidb.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CCM-CICS-CIDB-BPP.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[9] Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia. (n.d). Certified Construction Site Supervisor (CSS). Retrieved on 30th January 2025 from <a href="https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-site-supervisor-css/">https://www.cidb.gov.my/eng/certified-construction-site-supervisor-css/</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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		<title>恒载与活载的区别</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Dec 2024 08:42:00 +0000</pubDate>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;">作者: 赖玟橃博士 | 2024 年 12 月 28 日</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>简介</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">在工程与建筑行业中，恒载与活载是两个至关重要的基本概念，它们在决定建筑物强度与稳定性方面起着关键作用。两者虽有区别，但相互关联，工程师在进行结构设计时必须加以认真考量。它们是结构分析过程中的核心组成部分，会影响材料选择、安全系数及整体结构性能。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">理解恒载与活载之间的差异，对工程师、建筑师及施工专业人员而言至关重要。这将影响他们在材料选择、支撑结构设计和建筑物整体安全性等方面的决策。合理平衡这两种载荷，对于确保建筑结构的稳固与安全具有决定性作用。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>恒载 (Dead Loads)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">恒载指的是结构物本身的静态、不变的自重，或任何构成建筑永久组成部分的载荷。它包括所有建筑结构中固定不动的材料和构件的重量[1]。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">恒载的常见构成包括但不限于：</p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ol><li>建筑框架：如梁、柱、墙体与楼板</li><li>屋顶材料：如瓦片、金属屋面板等</li><li>地板材料：如混凝土板、木地板或瓷砖</li><li>外墙装饰材料：如砖、石材或外墙板</li><li>室内装饰材料：如石膏板、油漆、吊顶</li><li>永久固定设备：如橱柜、水槽、内置家具等</li></ol></li></ol><p style="text-align: justify;">恒载对建筑结构的稳定性起着核心作用，它提供垂直支撑并抵消结构所承受的外力及力矩。工程师会估算构件与材料的重量，并将各部分的重量总和计算为总恒载。恒载通常被视为已知且静态，均匀分布于整个结构之上[1]。因此，每一个结构构件都必须被设计为能承受其应负的载重。例如，建筑中的梁与柱应能均匀支撑屋顶及楼板的重量。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在设计阶段，工程师必须详细考虑恒载，确保所有结构元件在承受恒载时不会产生过大的挠度或应力。设计过程包括结构构件的尺寸与强度计算、材料选择，并确保地基能承受整个结构的总载荷。通常在恒载计算中应用的安全系数为1.4，以应对载荷估算不准确、材料性能波动及潜在施工误差等不确定性[1]。这些安全系数有助于确保结构的安全性和耐久性。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">恒载在建筑完成后基本保持不变，除非建筑物进行改造或扩建。在此类情况下，工程师必须重新计算恒载分布，确保原结构能承受新增载荷。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>活载 (Live Loads)</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">活载，也称为“使用荷载”或“可变荷载”，指的是因人员、设备、家具、车辆或其他非永久性载荷而施加在结构上的变化力。活载根据建筑物的功能与使用情况可有很大差异。因此，工程师需依据建筑使用寿命内可能出现的最大活载进行设计。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">根据来源与使用情况，活载可细分为以下几类：</p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul><li><strong>人员荷载：</strong>包括人在建筑中的活动、家具及办公设备等。具体荷载值取决于建筑的使用功能与预期使用人群数量。</li><li><strong>雪载：</strong>指积雪对屋顶、露台及水平表面产生的额外重量，因地区与气候差异而变化。</li><li><strong>车辆荷载：</strong>适用于桥梁、停车场或道路上车辆的重量，包括静载与动载。</li><li><strong>储存荷载：</strong>仓库或工业建筑中物料堆放所产生的荷载，其密度与分布具有不确定性。</li></ul></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">在马来西亚，活载标准依据BS 6399-1 进行规定，主要根据建筑物的用途与使用性质来定义。这些荷载包括人员、家具、设备以及任何其他可移动荷载的重量[2]。标准为不同使用类型、区域与功能用途提供了活载设计的指导值。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">活载具有明显的可变性，设计时必须考虑最不利情况。这些工作包括估算特定空间或结构类型的最大预期活荷载。例如，在商用建筑中，设计人员应考虑其最大容纳人数以及可能存在的重型设备重量。</p><p style="text-align: justify;">在设计活载时，下一个需要考虑的方面是结构工程因素。它是一种安全裕量，称为“安全系数”，对于活载来说，该系数为1.6 [2] 。该系数考虑了荷载估算的不确定性，确保建筑在使用期间能安全承受所有可能的活载变化。由于活载可能因使用用途变化而发生波动，因此必须定期进行检查与维护，以便及时发现并解决与活载相关的结构问题。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>恒载与活载的比较总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">恒载与活载之间的基本区别列于表1中。需要注意的是，恒载与活载的实际数值会根据建筑的使用功能、所在地理位置以及具体的设计标准而有所不同。这些概念被工程师用于确保建筑结构的安全性与可持续性。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-21472" src="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比.jpeg" alt="" width="1104" height="380" srcset="https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比.jpeg 1104w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比-300x103.jpeg 300w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比-1024x352.jpeg 1024w, https://ipm.my/cn/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/表1-恒载与活载对比-768x264.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1104px) 100vw, 1104px" /></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>总结</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">综上所述，结构工程师与建筑专业人员必须清晰理解恒载与活载的区别。结构必须能够有效承受这两种载荷的叠加影响，同时避免出现过大的应力、挠度或形变。遵守本地建筑法规与设计标准，对于保障结构安全与耐久性至关重要。准确估算恒载与活载，是结构工程中的关键环节，确保建筑在整个生命周期中都能稳定、安全、高效地运行。</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>赖玟橃博士</strong><br />首席执行人/ 创始人<br />IPM 环球集团</p>								</div>
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									<p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>参考文献：<br /></strong></em><em>[1] “Structural Analysis. Eight Edition”, R.C Hibbeler, 2012. Retrieved on 28th December 2024 from <a href="https://handoutset.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Structural-Analysis-Eighth-Edition-R.-C.-Hibbeler.pdf">https://handoutset.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Structural-Analysis-Eighth-Edition-R.-C.-Hibbeler.pdf</a></em><br /><em>[2] “Different types of loads in buildings and structures”, Constro Facilitator, 2021. Retrieved on 28th December 2024 from <a href="https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-loads-in-buildings-and-structures/">https://constrofacilitator.com/different-types-of-loads-in-buildings-and-structures/</a></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>**本中文译本仅供参考之用。如中文译本之文义与英文原文有歧义，概以英文原文为准。</em></p>								</div>
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